Data Engineering salary at Microsoft Corporation
195 H-1B labor condition applications · all Microsoft Corporation jobs · Data Engineering at all employers
$173,080median salary
$105,480lowest certified
$264,000highest certified
$172,529median for this title, all employers
Median salary by fiscal year
| Fiscal year | Certified LCAs | Median |
|---|---|---|
| FY2024 | 28 | $171,360 |
| FY2025 | 135 | $172,720 |
| FY2026 | 32 | $175,480 |
All filings
| Worksite | Salary | Wage level | Start | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Redmond, WA | $163,322up to $234,700 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 06/29/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $225,077up to $261,000 | Level IIIprevailing $225,077 | 06/29/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $172,306 | —prevailing $172,306 | 06/17/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $170,000 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 06/30/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $245,000 | Level IVprevailing $196,914 | 05/13/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $151,496 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 06/01/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $157,800 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 07/01/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $182,000 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 04/30/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Cumming, GA | $124,900 | Level IIprevailing $93,974 | 07/15/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $215,000 | —prevailing $208,509 | 04/13/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $161,340 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 10/03/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $255,000 | Level IVprevailing $196,914 | 03/30/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $180,000 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 03/30/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $154,000 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 03/25/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $157,800 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 03/24/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $255,000 | —prevailing $244,267 | 03/20/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $210,000 | —prevailing $208,509 | 03/09/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $174,000 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 03/10/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $225,000 | Level IVprevailing $196,914 | 02/24/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Burlington, MA | $176,150 | Level IIIprevailing $137,946 | 02/16/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $154,000 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 02/02/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Burlington, MA | $176,150 | Level IIIprevailing $137,946 | 07/22/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $183,000 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/15/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $174,112 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 02/01/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $176,074 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 06/20/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $255,000 | Level IIIprevailing $225,077 | 12/29/2025FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $239,652 | Level IVprevailing $196,914 | 12/08/2025FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $154,000 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 11/17/2025FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $174,885 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 05/05/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $164,955 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 05/05/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $199,720 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 05/01/2026FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $160,000 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 11/09/2025FY2026 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $180,728 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 03/13/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $192,676 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 03/24/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $204,123 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 09/26/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $199,720 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 03/18/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Acworth, GA | $147,275 | Level IIprevailing $93,974 | 03/09/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $185,433 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 03/17/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Acworth, GA | $147,275 | Level IIprevailing $93,974 | 03/09/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $176,420 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 02/02/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $137,700 | Level Iprevailing $96,117 | 09/16/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $192,676 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 03/10/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $206,973 | —prevailing $206,973 | 09/15/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $194,970 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 03/09/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $165,800 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 10/01/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $206,300 | —prevailing $201,574 | 02/02/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $206,300 | —prevailing $179,238 | 02/02/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $152,700 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 02/11/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $178,796 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 02/02/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $212,306 | Level IVprevailing $196,914 | 02/10/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Duvall, WA | $199,111 | Level IVprevailing $196,914 | 02/07/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Charlotte, NC | $152,828 | Level IIprevailing $105,747 | 08/14/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $172,337 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 02/05/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $195,600 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 08/12/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Atlanta, GA | $144,675 | Level IIprevailing $93,974 | 02/04/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $178,028 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 02/04/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $164,400 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 11/11/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $191,470 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 02/04/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $172,337 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 02/03/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Bellevue, WA | $199,111 | Level IVprevailing $196,914 | 01/31/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $152,700 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 01/31/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $212,306 | Level IVprevailing $196,914 | 01/31/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $195,600 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 08/08/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $168,199 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 01/30/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Kearny, NJ | $164,200 | Level IIprevailing $109,491 | 08/06/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $153,442 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 01/29/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Bothell, WA | $183,774 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/28/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $189,639 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/27/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Bothell, WA | $181,834 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/27/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $162,000 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 07/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $162,055 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 01/23/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $167,715 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/23/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $180,000 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 07/30/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Mechanicsville, VA | $197,390 | Level IIIprevailing $126,859 | 01/22/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $175,374 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/21/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $160,430 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 01/13/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $179,110 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/16/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $192,969 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/16/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Cumming, GA | $145,310 | Level IIIprevailing $114,754 | 01/14/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $162,055 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 01/13/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $159,892 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 01/13/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $175,374 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/10/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $172,529 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/10/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $172,720 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/09/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $179,110 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/08/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $173,641 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/08/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Chicago, IL | $214,660 | Level IVprevailing $142,210 | 01/07/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Glen Allen, VA | $197,390 | Level IIIprevailing $126,859 | 01/07/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $183,774 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/06/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $173,641 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/06/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $177,691 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/06/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Atlanta, GA | $145,310 | Level IIIprevailing $114,754 | 01/06/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $172,191 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/06/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Chicago, IL | $214,660 | Level IVprevailing $142,210 | 01/02/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $147,935 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 01/02/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $147,935 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 01/02/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $147,935 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 01/02/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $189,639 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/02/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $196,490 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/01/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $161,518 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 01/01/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $160,430 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 01/01/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $172,720 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 01/01/2026FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $194,303 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 12/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $167,715 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 12/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $164,400 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 12/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $178,796 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 12/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $159,892 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 12/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $153,442 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 12/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $206,300 | —prevailing $201,867 | 12/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $161,518 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 12/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $191,144 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 12/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $172,191 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 12/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $168,199 | Level IIprevailing $129,709 | 12/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $204,989 | Level IIIprevailing $163,322 | 12/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $160,082 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 12/24/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $150,987up to $234,700 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 06/23/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $180,128up to $258,000 | Level IIIprevailing $180,128 | 06/23/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $211,536up to $282,000 | Level IVprevailing $211,536 | 06/23/2025FY2025 | Certified – withdrawn |
| Redmond, WA | $183,581up to $259,200 | Level IVprevailing $183,581 | 06/23/2025FY2025 | Certified – withdrawn |
| Redmond, WA | $160,082 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 12/19/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $192,969 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 12/18/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $172,529 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 12/18/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $177,691 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 12/17/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $181,834 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 12/17/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $162,000 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 06/23/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $204,989 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 12/16/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $118,414 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 10/01/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $162,000 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 05/09/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Jersey City, NJ | $189,600 | Level IIprevailing $111,966 | 10/01/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $147,930 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 10/23/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $203,500 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 10/01/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $176,500 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 10/01/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Alpharetta, GA | $122,700 | Level IIprevailing $90,958 | 10/01/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $122,800 | Level Iprevailing $85,821 | 10/01/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Chicago, IL | $190,000 | Level IIIprevailing $116,334 | 04/17/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $147,930 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 10/11/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $133,500 | Level Iprevailing $85,821 | 10/01/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Burlington, MA | $105,480 | Level Iprevailing $79,914 | 10/01/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $148,796 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 10/01/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $160,000 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 04/04/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $165,380 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 03/31/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $150,577 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 09/20/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $150,577 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 09/12/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $163,560 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 09/09/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $165,380 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 02/27/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $171,000 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 08/22/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $174,100 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 03/21/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $172,700 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 03/21/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $171,000 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 07/18/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $153,086 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 07/12/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $184,700 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 07/10/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $264,000 | Level IVprevailing $211,536 | 01/10/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $170,200 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 06/28/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $201,358 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 03/23/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $201,358 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 03/23/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $172,000 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 12/19/2024FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $173,750 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 03/09/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $170,200 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 06/10/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $159,640 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 06/05/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $173,750 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 03/09/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $144,855 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 04/30/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $175,500 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 11/05/2024FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $250,000 | Level IVprevailing $183,581 | 11/05/2024FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $250,000 | Level IVprevailing $183,581 | 10/31/2024FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $208,432 | Level IVprevailing $183,581 | 04/12/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $144,855 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 04/11/2025FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $147,026 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 10/15/2024FY2025 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $187,812 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 01/01/2025FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $187,812 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 03/22/2025FY2024 | Certified |
| Mountain View, CA | $209,280 | Level IIIprevailing $180,128 | 09/23/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $147,026 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 09/23/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $187,812 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 03/12/2025FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $178,000 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 01/11/2025FY2024 | Certified |
| Charlotte, NC | $148,328 | Level IIprevailing $107,016 | 02/07/2025FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $165,000 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 08/15/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Northlake, TX | $173,080 | Level IIIprevailing $116,064 | 02/05/2025FY2024 | CertifiedE-3 (Australia) |
| Northlake, TX | $173,080 | Level IIIprevailing $98,946 | 02/05/2025FY2024 | CertifiedE-3 (Australia) |
| Redmond, WA | $165,000 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 08/08/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $171,360 | Level IIIprevailing $150,987 | 01/24/2025FY2024 | Certified |
| Clarksburg, MD | $148,200 | Level IIprevailing $110,739 | 01/15/2025FY2024 | Certified |
| Chevy Chase, MD | $148,200 | Level IIprevailing $110,739 | 01/07/2025FY2024 | Certified |
| Austin, TX | $135,000 | Level IIprevailing $92,914 | 07/12/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $147,026 | Level IIprevailing $118,414 | 01/02/2025FY2024 | Certified |
| Austin, TX | $135,000 | Level IIprevailing $88,275 | 07/05/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $171,360 | Level IIIprevailing $142,501 | 12/28/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $147,026 | Level IIprevailing $110,864 | 12/24/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $200,550 | Level IIIprevailing $142,501 | 06/19/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $190,575 | Level IIIprevailing $142,501 | 11/29/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Charlotte, NC | $141,890 | Level IIIprevailing $128,606 | 05/17/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $190,575 | Level IIIprevailing $142,501 | 11/05/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Charlotte, NC | $141,890 | Level IIIprevailing $128,606 | 05/06/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $191,315 | Level IIIprevailing $142,501 | 10/17/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $191,315 | Level IIIprevailing $142,501 | 10/12/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $162,500 | Level IIprevailing $110,864 | 04/10/2024FY2024 | Certified |
| Redmond, WA | $178,000 | Level IIIprevailing $142,501 | 04/10/2024FY2024 | Certified |
Data Engineering at other employers
| Employer | LCAs | Median salary |
|---|---|---|
| Saxon Global Inc. | 3 | $86,445 |
| Caltech Solution LLC | 1 | $75,754 |
| Actabl Services, LLC | 1 | — |
| Veloce IT Group LLC | 1 | $126,090 |
| Sayeon LLC | 1 | $85,467 |
| Limsons IT Services LLC | 1 | $88,608 |
| Kasmo Inc. | 1 | $90,100 |
| ThirthaSoft, LLC | 1 | $83,325 |
Other jobs at Microsoft Corporation
| Job title | LCAs | Median salary | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Software Engineering | 12,702 | $169,900 | |
| Software Engineer | 2,339 | $160,010 | |
| Product Management | 1,073 | $176,100 | |
| Technical Program Management | 769 | $175,000 | |
| Applied Sciences | 697 | $177,240 | |
| Data Science | 666 | $165,500 | |
| Silicon Engineering | 473 | $180,000 | |
| Technical Support Engineering | 422 | $128,864 | |
| Cloud Solution Architecture | 249 | $168,000 | |
| Product Design | 217 | $170,000 | |
| Product Manager | 197 | $175,700 | |
| Product Marketing | 165 | $157,100 |
Questions and answers
How much does Microsoft Corporation pay a Data Engineering on an H-1B visa?
The median salary on Microsoft Corporation's certified LCAs for Data Engineering is $173,080, ranging from $105,480 to $264,000.
Wage levels I–IV compare the offer with the prevailing wage for the occupation in the worksite area: Level I is entry level, Level IV is fully competent. Salaries are offers stated on the application; actual pay may differ.